The Bitcoin Stock-to-Flow (S2F) Model: A Comprehensive Guide

The BTC stock-to-flow comparison explores the relationship between existing Bitcoin supply and newly created supply each year. It predicts changes in the Bitcoin value based on this comparison of stock to flow (S2F).

Since its launch in 2009, Bitcoin has revolutionized the concept of currency, establishing itself as the first fully digital, transferable, transparent, and predictable currency. As the premier cryptocurrency, Bitcoin captured the mainstream's attention, particularly during its meteoric rise to over $69,000 in November 2021. Yet, its journey has been anything but smooth, characterized by the cyclical nature of bull and bear markets that underscore its volatility.

However, Bitcoin investors grapple with the challenge of timing their investments due to this volatility. The Stock-to-Flow (S2F) model emerges as a beacon for those navigating the turbulent waters of Bitcoin investment, offering insights into future price trends based on the principle of scarcity.

The Stock-to-Flow (S2F) model is a method used to quantify the scarcity of a commodity, primarily used for assessing the value of precious metals like gold and silver and, more recently, applied to Bitcoin. The model is based on two primary concepts:

Stock: The total amount of the commodity currently available or the supply that has already been mined and is in circulation.
Flow: The rate at which new supply of the commodity is produced, or the amount of new production over a specific period (like a year).

The Stock-to-Flow ratio is calculated by dividing the stock (current supply) by the flow (annual production). A higher ratio indicates that the commodity is more scarce and, therefore, potentially more valuable. For example, gold has a high Stock-to-Flow ratio, implying its scarcity and value.

The Stock-to-Flow (S2F) model, primarily used in commodities markets, has found a significant place in analyzing Bitcoin's value proposition. By comparing the total stock of Bitcoin against the flow of new coins mined annually, this model highlights Bitcoin's scarcity as its core value driver.

With a capped limit of 21 million coins, Bitcoin's design introduces a deflationary aspect, especially evident during Bitcoin halving events, which cut the mining reward by half approximately every four years, subsequently reducing the flow of new Bitcoins and increasing the S2F ratio. This model suggests that Bitcoin's value could escalate as its scarcity increases over time, a principle observed in precious metals like gold.

The Bitcoin S2F ratio can also be influenced by other factors besides Bitcoin’s limited supply and halving events. These include:

Changes in Mining Difficulty: Bitcoin's network adjusts the mining difficulty approximately every two weeks to maintain a consistent block time. Changes in mining difficulty can affect the rate at which new Bitcoins are created, thus impacting the flow.
Adoption and Demand: Increased adoption of Bitcoin, whether by individuals, institutions, or through broader acceptance as a payment method, can influence its demand. Higher demand with a steady or decreasing supply (per the halving schedule) can impact the S2F ratio positively.
Regulatory Changes: Government regulations around the world regarding cryptocurrencies can significantly impact Bitcoin's demand and supply dynamics. Stringent regulations or outright bans can decrease demand or make mining more difficult, whereas favorable regulations can boost adoption and demand.
Technological Advancements: Innovations in blockchain technology and Bitcoin’s network, such as improvements in scalability and security, can influence its adoption and usability, thereby affecting demand.
Crypto Market Sentiment: Investor sentiment, driven by various factors such as global economic conditions, technological developments, or geopolitical events, can cause fluctuations in Bitcoin’s demand. Market sentiment is often influenced by media coverage and public perception.
Competition from Other Cryptocurrencies: The rise of alternative cryptocurrencies (altcoins) with potentially superior technology or use cases can impact Bitcoin’s dominance and attractiveness to investors, thus affecting its demand.
Economic Factors: Macroeconomic factors such as inflation rates, currency devaluation, and financial crises can influence investment in Bitcoin as a potential hedge, affecting its demand.

These factors can affect the balance between the stock (existing supply) and flow (rate of new supply) of Bitcoin, thereby influencing the Stock-to-Flow ratio. It’s important to consider that the S2F model is one of many tools and does not account for all possible market variables. Hence, while it provides a framework for understanding Bitcoin’s potential value based on scarcity, it should be used in conjunction with other analyses and technical indicators.

Recent analyses, including those by PlanB, the creator of the S2F model, forecast a bullish future for Bitcoin post-halving, predicting a significant price increase. For instance, PlanB anticipates Bitcoin could reach $55,000 around the next halving in 2024 and potentially hit $1 million by the end of 2025. Such predictions underscore the model's optimism regarding Bitcoin's price trajectory, driven by its diminishing supply rate. Notably, the model predicts substantial price surges following Bitcoin's halving events, which have so far aligned relatively accurately with past price movements.

Bitcoin Stock-to-Flow Chart | Source: LookIntoBitcoin

As we can see on the Bitcoin Stock-to-Flow chart, the price has followed the S2F line consistently, with a few outlier situations due to major bull or bear runs. However, long-term investors who do not care about the peaks and valleys of day-to-day trading appreciate this model's consistency.

The S2F model has historically shown a notable correlation with Bitcoin's price. The model predicted substantial price increases following Bitcoin's halving events (which occur approximately every four years), and these predictions have been relatively accurate in the past. However, past performance is not always indicative of future results.

As per the BTC S2F model, the future of Bitcoin remains a topic of debate. While some experts stand by the model's predictions, citing Bitcoin's scarcity as a primary value driver, others caution against overreliance on any single predictive model due to the cryptocurrency market's complexity and unpredictability. Predictions range from Hal Finney's thought experiment valuing 1 BTC at $10 million to ARK Invest's forecast of $1 million by 2030, showcasing the wide range of expectations for Bitcoin's valuation.

While it's a good idea to consider the Bitcoin Stock-to-Flow model when investing, it should certainly not be your only point of reference. The model’s short-term inaccuracy invalidates its use for traders. Still, it remains relevant for long-term investors who see scarcity as one of the main driving factors of BTC's price increase.

Here are some steps and considerations for incorporating the Bitcoin S2F model into your investment strategy:

Understand the Bitcoin S2F Model: Familiarize yourself with the basics of the S2F model, including how it calculates Bitcoin's scarcity by comparing the existing stock (total supply) with the flow (annual production).
Analyze Bitcoin's Historical Data: Look at the historical correlation between the S2F model and Bitcoin’s price. Note how Bitcoin’s price has reacted to past halving events, but also be aware that past performance does not indicate future results.
Diversify Your Investment Strategy: Use the S2F model as one aspect of your investment strategy. Don't rely solely on it. Combine this model with technical analysis indicators, fundamental analysis metrics, and sentiment analysis factors to create a winning strategy, as it covers all the elements that impact Bitcoin’s value.
Consider Market Trends and External Factors: Stay informed about regulatory changes, technological advancements, and global economic conditions that could impact Bitcoin’s price. Be aware of the sentiment in the cryptocurrency market and among investors.
Manage Your Risks: Understand the risks associated with relying on a single model. The S2F model, like any predictive model, has limitations and uncertainties. Set clear risk management rules for your investments, including stop-loss orders and position sizing.
Long-term Perspective: The S2F model is more suited for long-term investing because it focuses on gradual scarcity over time. Be prepared for volatility in the short term, as many factors beyond the S2F model influence Bitcoin's price.
Perform Regular Review and Adapt Your Strategy: Regularly review and update your investment strategy. The cryptocurrency market is dynamic and evolves rapidly. Be prepared to adapt your approach based on new information or changes in market conditions.

The accuracy and applicability of the Bitcoin Stock-to-Flow (S2F) model have been subjects of considerable debate within the cryptocurrency community. The model, which compares the total supply of Bitcoin against the production rate to forecast future prices, suggests that scarcity will drive price increases.

However, critics argue against the model's reliability. Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has criticized the S2F model, calling it "really not looking good now" and labeling it "harmful" due to its potentially misleading predictions. The model's simplification of supply and demand dynamics and its linear prediction method have been pointed out as significant flaws.

Other expert opinions on PlanB’s Bitcoin stock-to-flow model include:

Adam Back, CEO of Blockstream and an early Bitcoin supporter, sees the S2F model as a reasonable back-tested curve fit to historical data, suggesting that halving events that reduce the rate of new Bitcoin supply could logically drive up the price due to increased scarcity.
Cory Klippsten, the founder of Swan Bitcoin, and Alex Krüger, a well-known crypto trader and economist, also have reservations about the S2F model. Klippsten believes PlanB's model may confuse followers, while Krüger outright dismisses the model's approach to predicting future prices based on the stock-to-flow ratio as nonsensical.
Nico Cordeiro, Chief Investment Officer at Strix Leviathan, further critiques the S2F model by challenging its underlying assumptions and questioning its predictive accuracy. Cordeiro and others argue that the model's reliance on scarcity as the primary driver of value may not fully account for other significant factors influencing Bitcoin's price, such as market demand and broader economic conditions.

Despite these criticisms, the S2F model remains a popular tool among investors for its straightforward approach to quantifying Bitcoin's scarcity as a factor in its value. It's essential to understand that while the model has historically shown a correlation with Bitcoin's price trends, especially around halving events, it should not be the sole basis for investment decisions. Investors are advised to use the S2F model as part of a broader investment strategy that includes technical analysis, market trends, and other fundamental factors.

The Bitcoin Stock-to-Flow (S2F) model, while popular for predicting Bitcoin's price based on its scarcity, has notable limitations and risks that warrant consideration:

Lack of Consideration for External Factors: The S2F model primarily focuses on the scarcity of Bitcoin as a determinant of its value, akin to precious metals like gold. However, it does not account for various external factors that can significantly impact Bitcoin's price. These factors include technological advancements, regulatory changes, economic cycles, and shifts in market sentiment, which can all play a crucial role in cryptocurrency valuation.
Historical Performance vs. Future Predictability: Although the model has shown some correlation with Bitcoin's price movements in the past, its ability to predict future prices is contested. Critics argue that the model's past success does not guarantee future accuracy, especially considering the cryptocurrency market’s complex and often unpredictable nature.
Overreliance on Scarcity: The Bitcoin Stock-to-Flow (S2F) model, while emphasizing scarcity as a primary driver of price increase, may not fully capture the complexities of Bitcoin's value dynamics. This model's simplicity overlooks how Bitcoin's utility, technological advancements (such as the Lightning Network), and increasing adoption rates contribute to its overall demand and market valuation. As Bitcoin continues to evolve, with enhancements that extend its utility beyond merely being a store of value, these factors could play a pivotal role in influencing its price, independent of scarcity.
Potential for Misinterpretation: The S2F model's optimistic Bitcoin price predictions have faced skepticism for not consistently materializing, underscoring the dangers of depending solely on a single model in the volatile crypto market and the risk that novice investors may misunderstand the complexities of Bitcoin investment by relying too heavily on such simplified forecasts.

While the S2F model provides a valuable framework for understanding Bitcoin's value, it's important to consider a range of models and factors for a more nuanced understanding of Bitcoin's future price movements. The model's ongoing relevance will depend on its adaptability and the broader crypto community's acceptance of its premises. The future of Bitcoin will likely be shaped by a complex interplay of factors beyond just scarcity, including market dynamics, technological advancements, and evolving regulatory policies.

1. How Does the S2F Model Predict Bitcoin's Price?

The S2F model predicts Bitcoin's price by calculating the stock-to-flow ratio, which divides the current stock of Bitcoin by the annual flow (new supply). A higher ratio indicates increased scarcity and has historically been associated with higher prices. The model then uses this ratio to forecast future price movements based on Bitcoin's reduced supply over time due to halvings.

2. Has the S2F Model Been Accurate in Predicting the Bitcoin Price?

The accuracy of the S2F model has been mixed. While it has correctly predicted some of Bitcoin's price movements, especially around halving events, it has also faced criticism for not accurately predicting others, such as failing to reach the $100,000 mark in the last cycle. Critics argue that the model oversimplifies market dynamics and ignores external factors that can influence prices.

3. How Will Future Bitcoin Halvings Impact the S2F Model Predictions for the BTC Price?

Future Bitcoin halvings are expected to reduce the flow of new Bitcoins, theoretically making Bitcoin scarcer and potentially increasing its value, as suggested by the S2F model. However, the actual impact on Bitcoin's price will depend on a variety of factors beyond scarcity, including market adoption, technological developments, and global economic conditions.